Although the economic recovery from the COVID-19 shutdown is definitely not a “V” shape, it’s growing steadily – but don’t expect to be back where we were until mid-2022, said Jeffrey Rosensweig of Emory University, in a virtual Heavy Duty Dialogue session Sept. 15.

Rosensweig is director of the John Robson Program in Business, Public Policy, and Government at the Goisueta Business School of Emory University, and he kicked off HDD, put on by the Heavy Duty Manufacturers Association, with a global economic outlook.

COVID-19 Repercussions

In the U.S., some 22 million jobs were lost in March and April as the nation shut down to try to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we’re about halfway back, Rosensweig said. Before the pandemic, we were cruising along with about 220,000 people being laid off every week. That may sound like a lot, he said, but anything under 300,000 is considered quite good because we live in a very dynamic economy and there’s always a churn of new jobs being created while other jobs are lost.

Then the pandemic hit, businesses closed down, and we hit a new record of almost 7 million people filing first-time unemployment insurance claims during the week ending March 28.

That number has come down to a little under a million. “The good news is it’s not up around 7 million; the bad news is, it isn’t below 300,000.”

Rosensweig pointed out that the federal government’s relief package providing an additional $600 a week in unemployment benefits, on top of state benefits that average around $400 a week, has been criticized as a disincentive for some people to go back to work, including many manufacturing workers and truck drivers. However, he said, it served an important purpose in helping the economy slide even further than it did.

“Consumption is 68% of the demand in our economy. If personal consumption expenditures go down, that will collapse the economy.”

Those extra benefits have expired, and Congress has not been able to agree on an extension.

The industries hardest-hit by the COVID-19 shutdown were leisure and hospitality, as well as in health care as people put off elective procedures and wellness visits. Jobs are still off in manufacturing, as well. Although factories in general have reopened, most are not running at the same level as before the shutdown. A strong point in the jobs numbers is construction jobs.

When it comes to GDP growth, Rosensweig projects that for the U.S. economy, “even at the end of 2021 we won’t be quite back where we were before the pandemic; maybe by the middle of 2022.” He projects the GDP will grow about 3% next year as things bounce back and that growth will continue in 2022.

Financial Policy

Another factor that has Rosensweig optimistic about the economic recovery is the aggressive tactics of the Federal Reserve in stimulating the economy. The Fed, he said, has done an about-face from its previous policy of being ultra-cautious about inflation.

While it’s actually more complicated, the government has essentially been “printing money” to keep the mortgage and bond markets alive.

“For one of the few times ever, it bought not only government bonds, but also corporate bonds, which is very unusual – but it worked…. It kept a lot of corporations and our economy afloat.”

The concern is that this will lead to inflation, but Rosensweig doesn’t believe that’s a risk anytime soon. “Our economy still has a ways to go; we don’t have an excess demand for goods which would result in high prices. We still have a lot of people who are underemployed; they’re not going to demand wage increases, which also can cause inflation.”

Where this could lead to problems is further down the road, if the federal government keeps running up deficits, which could eventually lead to inflation and to higher interest rates.

“We can’t keep this expansion. But as of now, I think the Federal Reserve has done the right thing, which is to put the foot on the accelerator.”

Global and Long-Term Shifts

Looking at the GDP forecast for countries around the world, Rosenswieg said, you can see China, which locked down quickly and severely after the pandemic started, was able to get back to work sooner than the rest of the world and is already growing – it might even see a positive GDP for 2020 overall.

However, he said, China will not have the same type of double-digit economic growth it has seen in recent years, in part due to demographic challenges as its population ages.

India and other Southeast Asia nations may be more relevant to the global economy, with younger labor forces.

Longer term, he said the U.S. is going to face a demographic drag, as well, as there are more older workers at retirement age than there are younger people coming into the workforce.

Manufacturing, Robotics, and Offshoring

When it comes to manufacturing numbers, he said, “the great thing about manufacturing in North America is we have had this amazing technological revolution, the movement from just a lot of labor, doing things like tightening doors on cars, where now robotics does the welding.” Thanks to robotics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, he said, “We may see another kind of industrial revolution.”

Manufacturing jobs in the U.S. peaked in 1979, he said. Those jobs have dropped from a 20 million peak to 12 million before COVID hit. But the vast majority of that change has been due to increases in productivity, not to offshoring, he said.

“There’s estimates that more than 80 percent of that loss in jobs is due to increased productivity, to automation, that we can produce more with fewer workers, and about 15% was lost offshore.”