Electric trucks will redefine how we move freight, but will the addition of a few tons of batteries demand a redesign of the vehicle itself? One system you may not consider a candidate for disruption is suspensions. Current experience suggests available options are up to the task, but there’s still room for optimization.
Battery-electric truck configurations offer drivetrains similar to those we now use: traditional drive axles with an electric motor bolted to the front of the differential housing rather than a propeller shaft. Conventional suspensions will have conventional axle and frame attachment points, though they may be beefed up a little to accommodate the additional volt-driven torque and the braking torque incurred during regenerative braking.
Take regional haul or refuse operations. Fleets will want to leverage the enhanced acceleration and deceleration capability of electric drivetrains, so some suspension design revisions will be necessary to tolerate higher stresses.
“When you think about the high longitudinal stresses generated by aggressive acceleration and deceleration, it’s not just the suspension that gets a workout. It’s everything from the chassis to the tires,” says Ashley Dudding, director of engineering for commercial vehicles at Hendrickson. “We can make design revisions to accommodate for that, and during vehicle development there’s a tuning process where they can regulate the braking and driving forces to mitigate the additional stress.”
Suspensions Targeted for Weight Reduction?
OEMs will be turning over every stone possible to shave chassis weight to make more room for batteries. Suspensions will be targeted for weight reduction, too. But at the same time, suspensions, particularly steer axle suspensions, will be tasked with managing higher tare weights and redistribution of weight around the chassis.
Dudding says Hendrickson learned a lot from early work with transit bus suspensions. There, range is everything. The big challenge was making room for a couple of thousand pounds of batteries. Transit buses are somewhat unique in that they run high axle loads, sometimes as high as 29,000 pounds on a single axle. The hunt for additional capacity led to significantly higher axle ratings for steer and drive axles.
Of course, trucking doesn’t have that kind of flexibility; we’re still limited to bridge formula axle weights. But Dudding says steer axle weight ratings are likely to increase in some cases to make room up front for batteries, and that could necessitate higher weight ratings for steer axles and suspensions.
“The batteries have to go somewhere,” Dudding says. “Depending on the chassis layout of a medium-duty truck, for example, if you load up the rear portion of the frame, that increases the weight on the drive axle, possibly compromising payload. However, if you upgrade from a 10K steer axle to a 12K, you’ve now got room there weight-wise for an additional 2,000 pounds of battery. You may have to be careful how you load the truck, but your drive axle weights won’t be adversely affected if the weight goes up front.”
Nothing would change on a typical medium-duty chassis with a 200-kWh battery pack. The 10K axle would be fine in most cases. If you wanted to up the battery size for increased range, going to a 12K or even a 13.2K would help. The same thinking applies to Class 8 trucks. Once you strip out the diesel powertrain and fuel tanks, you have reduced the chassis weight by 3,000 to 4,000 pounds. But if you install 8,000 pounds of batteries, as with a 500-kWh battery pack, the best place to put that extra capacity is on the steer axle.
Looking Ahead
Several truck makers and suspension suppliers told HDT it would be business as usual.
“For an electric driveline, the suspensions are matched based upon the gross vehicle loading, duty cycle, and intended operational life,” says Brett Pope, director of electric vehicles for Volvo Trucks North America. “This takes into account any load distribution differences on a vehicle or impact from an electric driveline.”
It seems that fleets have little to worry about in terms of dramatic changes to their beloved ladder frames and familiar suspension configurations. There was talk in the early days of the electric evolution of using independent suspensions and a variety of new designs, but it appears that won’t be necessary, at least in the near term. That also reduces manufacturing complexity and the need for lots of additional engineering work.
That could change as new technologies emerge. Electric truck chassis are strikingly similar to diesel trucks, with the possible exception of the elimination of the driveshaft. Electric drive motors are now mounted on the front of the differential housing, and the weight and geometry of the e-axles are similar to a regular axle, Dudding says.
He doesn’t see the need, yet, to move to wheel-end motors, which could force changes in traditional suspension designs for packaging and spacing concerns. “With the torques that are required, and the packaging, I don’t see wheel motors on our near-term horizon,” he says. “I really think you’re going to see drive axles retain the central motor, and I think they’re going to do a good job.”
This article first appeared in the November 2021 issue of Heavy Duty Trucking.
