Diesel-electric hybrids are increasingly popular in vocations such as utility trucks and pickup and delivery.
But a session on hybrids during HDAW highlighted two other types of hybrids: Eaton's hydraulic hybrid system and a "dual-mode" ArvinMeritor concept that may put hybrid savings into over-the-road trucks.

Eaton's hydraulic launch assist (HLA) is beginning to make inroads in the household refuse industry. The technology was initially launched in cooperation with Peterbilt in its Model 320, and Eaton is looking to move into retrofit partnerships in the future with qualified aftermarket service providers.

Help from hydraulics

Refuse trucks dash from one home to the next in residential neighborhoods with a duty cycle that's 100 percent accelerator for a few seconds, then 100 percent brakes as drivers rush to serve as many as 1,400 homes in a shift.

Robert Golin, Eaton's hybrid business development manager, said HLA is by far the most suitable hybrid type for such an application, as the power density of the system and the delivery of the energy is precisely what is needed. Experience with the Pete 320 shows that fuel savings can be as much as 50 gallons of diesel per day, and the huge savings in brake maintenance mean a payback in three years on a chassis that may see service over a 12-year period. With tax incentives, the ROI could be as little as two years, said Golin.

The Eaton HLA features a hydraulic pump/motor in the driveline, a couple of nitrogen-filled accumulators, and a controller. As the driver decelerates to pick up the next bin, the braking is by the hydraulic pump as it compresses fluid into the accumulators. With some skill and the right amount of energy diversion, there's only a need to touch the service brakes to hold the truck while the bin is lifted and emptied. Once the bin is back on the ground, the driver accelerates, but much of the forward motion is gained from the compressed hydraulic fluid running through the driveline hydraulic motor delivering 180 horsepower for five to six seconds.

With relatively uncomplicated components and controls interface, this HLA system can be bundled for a relatively simple aftermarket installation, and Eaton says such a program is in the works and will be an ideal opportunity for some independent aftermarket service providers.

Highway hybrid

Vern Caron, director of commercial vehicle systems electronics for ArvinMeritor, said the company's prototype dual-mode system offers a diesel-electric series hybrid in one mode and a parallel electric/mechanical transmission diesel truck in the other.

The vehicle - currently a Class 8 International ProStar heavy-duty tractor in Walmart service - carries a slew of lithium-ion batteries, so it has two 350-volt saddlepacks mounted to the frame rails behind the cab. It has no clutch, and the transmission features only two gears.

A motor/generator is driven from the conventional Cummins ISX diesel engine. In the electric mode there's no drive direct from the engine: The batteries provide the starting torque to the decoupled motor. Since an electric motor has peak torque at stall, it gets the truck under way well. While it doesn't have the same level of torque as a diesel with the reduction of a multi-speed transmission, the torque is uninterrupted, so the truck accelerates at about the same pace as a diesel-powered unit, Caron explained. In this it is operating in true hybrid series mode and it runs very quietly, emitting no emissions whatsoever.

Once up to speed above 48 mph, the mechanical mode takes over as the driveline locks up and the truck drives as a conventional tractor - but still with electric assist when necessary. It is now in parallel mode.

Batteries recharge under braking or when running downhill, with reservations on how much energy the batteries can store. Unlike the HLA, electrical hybrids save and deliver their power over more extended periods. For example, a panic stop in 250 feet would totally overload the batteries.

This sort of vehicle could work in the electric mode while traveling on city and suburban streets heading to and from the freeway. On the highway, the power unit would fire up and the mechanical mode would take over.

Initial research shows the system has the potential to improve fuel economy around 15 percent, Caron said, but so far only the first generation of the system has been put together. Generation two is going to be ready within 18 months and will feature a battery package half the physical size of the current unit. Generation three will be the production trucks, available maybe as early as 2013.

From the April/May 2010 issue of Heavy Duty Aftermarket Journal.