Gas-to-Liquids Technology Makes Fuel, Oil From Natural Gas

At a giant facility in Qatar, Shell is turning natural gas into products normally produced from crude oil — fuel, base oils, paraffin, kerosene, etc.

Shell started looking for a way to convert natural gas into liquid hydrocarbons back during the Middle East oil crisis of the 1970s. While it found a way to do it in the lab, the researchers could only make a few drops a day. It took 10 years to get to where they could produce a larger sample — a whopping three barrels per day.

It took another 10 years to start producing commercially at a plant in Malaysia in 1993, which today can produce 14,700 barrels a day.

In 2012, Shell’s Pearl GTL plant started production in Qatar. The size of 453 soccer fields and made with enough steel to build 10 Eiffel towers, the Qatar plant can produce 140,000 barrels a day. The complex process is covered by 3,500 patents.

“Shell produces a lot more natural gas than oil these days, and we need to find ways of making that useful for transportation industries,” explains Richard Tucker, general manager of commercial and industry fuels and lubricants technology for Shell.

In a couple of global markets, where fuel quality is a problem, Shell is putting the GTL “gasoil” fuel into the market as a pure diesel fuel. “It’s cleaner burning and helps to reduce emissions, and has a very high cetane number, around 80.

“It also can help reduce engine noise,” Tucker notes.

GTL diesel fuel also can be used to blend with petroleum-based diesel to improve it.

Probably the first place GTL will get widespread use in the U.S. won’t actually be in fuels, but in engine oils, as Shell likely will use the purer base stock to help it create lower-viscosity engine oils to improve fuel economy and meet the upcoming new engine oil classification standards. GTL-based lubricants already are being used in light vehicles.

In fact, Shell just launched Pennzoil products containing GTL in the U.S., a top-tier product called Pennzoil Ultra, for autos, according to Selda Gunsel, Shell vice president of technology.

“We have current research and development projects we are focusing on for heavy-duty using GTL,” she says. “We’ve developed prototypes and are doing field trials. It will be applied to heavy-duty engine oil, transmission fluids, grease, because the base oils make them suitable for formulating high-performance lubricants for virtually any application.”

The U.S. Energy Department says there are currently five GTL plants operating globally, with capacities ranging from 2,700 barrels per day to Shell’s 140,000. None are currently in the U.S. Several have been proposed, but late last year, according to DOE, Shell cancelled plans to build a large-scale GTL facility in Louisiana because of high estimated capital costs and market uncertainty regarding natural gas and petroleum product prices. n