Talk about transmissions in commercial trucks, and you'll talk a lot about Eaton. The Michigan-based manufacturer continues to dominate the business in Class 8 and remains strong in Classes 6 and 7. However, there are other names in the business
, and they all play a role in what's built and bought in a market that's slowly changing.
Eaton makes most of the Class 8 manual transmissions for the U.S. and Canada, while Mack markets its own manual gearboxes but also sells Eaton's products. Eaton is also the principal player in automated mechanical transmissions, or AMTs. Those, along with Eaton manuals, are sold by most truck builders. Volvo and Mack are building some volume in their own AMTs, and Daimler is talking about introducing one.
In heavy trucks and tractors, about 80% of buyers still choose manuals, according to Shane Groner, Eaton's manager of development and product planning. "Look at the price point and durability of the thing," he says. "It's fairly easy to drive, and the entire country is trained to drive them."
One of those buyers is Groner himself, who has a small trucking company he runs outside of his Eaton duties. "I have some 13-speeds, one with more than a million miles, and it's still going strong. The durability is incredible."
Of the manual transmissions sold in heavy trucks, 60% are 10-speeds that go primarily into over-the-road tractors, Groner says. "Performance" 13- and 18-speeds, plus LL types with low-low gearing for vocational trucks, together take about 20%. The other 20% choose automated mechanical transmissions.
AMT growth
Automated manual transmissions are making steady inroads in linehaul tractors, growing by 2% to 3% a year in the past decade (except for during the recent recession, when people who bought trucks had to cut expenses). At that rate, automated mechanical transmissions will grow to 30% of the Class 8 market by 2014.
AMTs can cost almost as much as fully automatic transmissions but claim superior fuel economy. This is partly because they transmit power through metal gears and not hydraulic torque converters. When compared to manuals, AMTs shift better and choose gears more wisely than inexperienced or inept drivers.
Eaton's AMTs have suffered niggling problems, mostly electronic, through their history. Eaton engineers seem to have driven out most bugs, and they've expanded the numbers of programming modes in their UltraShift Plus products to better match transmission controls with various engines and duty applications.
Volvo engineers seem to have gotten the I-Shift right at the very start of its introduction in North America (it made its debut in Europe more than 10 years ago). An increasing number of customers are buying the concept - literally. In 2011, 80% of Volvos were spec'd with Volvo diesels, which a truck or tractor must have to be mated to the I-Shift. Of those 80% with Volvo diesels, 47% were spec'd with I-Shifts, says Volvo spokesman Brandon Borgna.
Mack and Volvo offer Eaton UltraShift automated mechanical transmissions, and Volvo offers the more advanced UltraShift Plus with Cummins ISX15 diesels. However, Mack and Volvo do not offer the UltraShift Plus with their own engines.
In Europe, a high percentage of Volvo trucks are ordered with the I-Shift. They, along with Mack's mDrives, now come from Sweden and are adapted for use in Volvos and Macks at the Volvo Powertrain plant in Maryland, which might soon begin more basic assembly of the product for this market.
Automatics important
A small percentage of Class 8 users buy Allison automatics. Most are operators of trash collection trucks, an excellent place for full automatics, Eaton acknowledges. Allison, meanwhile, recognizes that over-the-road tractors are not the best application for its fully automatic transmissions, and it's responding with a 10-speed automated box that includes a torque converter. The TC10, as it's called, will be available in limited numbers this fall.
Daimler Trucks North America is well aware of the trend toward AMTs. Mercedes-Benz, a sister operation in Europe, has likewise seen its AMTs gain popularity. DTNA has adapted a Mercedes-Benz automated model for use in Freightliners and Western Stars, branded as a Detroit.
Like other builders, Daimler originally offered Eaton's AutoShift and UltraShift products, and it now offers the UltraShift Plus. Last year, it introduced the AMT3, another European innovation, for Freightliner medium-duty trucks, while still offering Eaton's midrange UltraShift.
Fuel efficiency is an AMT's principal virtue, and it's the main reason for their increasing sales to fleets, which are again grappling with a driver shortage and having to hire less-then-sterling drivers. With an AMT, even the worst among them can get decent fuel economy they can't with a manual gearbox.
Light- and medium-duty
Another Daimler company, Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. in Japan, and its subsidiary, Mitsubishi Fuso Commercial Truck of America, now install Duonic automated mechanical transmissions in all their Canter models (called medium-duty here but light-duty in Japan). No manuals are offered.
Although heavier midrange trucks from UD and Hino and Class 6 and 7 domestic trucks still offer manuals, all have automatics or automated transmissions as options. Some of the automatics are Allisons, and some are supplied by Aisin, a major Japanese supplier.
Domestic medium-duty trucks have long been a strong market for fully automatic transmissions. Drivers usually have a primary job other than driving, such as beverage sales, furniture delivery or lawn care, and might not even know how to operate a manual transmission. Operations tend to be more urban and suburban with a lot of stops and starts, for which automatics are very useful.
Allisons go into six out of 10 midrange trucks, but its penetration was once eight of 10, according to Eaton, which claims to be taking some business with its UltraShift HS (for Highway Value) medium-duty automated mechanical products.
In the light end of midrange and in light commercial trucks, nearly all have automatics, a trend that mirrors what's happened in automobiles and light trucks. More efficient six-speed automatics have replaced older five- and four-speed types in most light trucks.
General Motors and Ford dropped manual trannies two to three years ago. GM uses Allisons and its own Hydra-matics, and Ford employs its TorqShift automatics. The vast majority of Ram commercial trucks get Chrysler and Aisin automatics. A handful of Rams go out with Mercedes-Benz six-speed manuals, the latter a holdover from Chrysler's now-ended ownership by Daimler.
Buyers of new light trucks have shunned manual gearboxes, which is why they're no longer the "standard" transmission and are almost gone as an option. Some dealers, though, pointedly advertise stick-shift-equipped used pickups and ask premium prices for them because they appeal to a small but enthusiastic crowd.
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